![]() Impulsivity and compulsivity can coexist in different stages of the addiction cycle.įigure 1. ![]() As individuals move from an impulsive to a compulsive disorder, the drive for the drug-taking behavior shifts from positive to negative reinforcement ( Figure 1). In addiction, drug-taking behavior progresses from impulsivity to compulsivity in a three-stage cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. An important goal of current neurobiological research is to understand the neuropharmacological and neuroadaptive mechanisms within specific neurocircuits that mediate the transition from occasional, controlled drug use and the loss of behavioral control over drug-seeking and drug-taking that defines chronic addiction.Īddiction has been conceptualized as a chronic relapsing disorder with roots both in impulsivity and compulsivity and neurobiological mechanisms that change as an individual moves from one domain to the other ( 3). Clinically, the occasional but limited use of a drug with the potential for abuse or dependence is distinct from escalated drug use and the emergence of a chronic drug-dependent state. Addiction and substance dependence (as currently defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) ( 2) will be used interchangeably throughout this paper to refer to a final stage of a usage process that moves from drug use to addiction. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, DEFINITIONS, AND ANIMAL MODELSĭrug addiction, also known as substance dependence, is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by (1) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) when access to the drug is prevented (defined here as dependence) ( 1). ![]()
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